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✅   The use of faecal indicator organisms to manage microbial health risks in recreational waterways not impacted by point sources of sewage: a systematic review of the epidemiological evidence

science

This PRISMA review investigated the extent to which epidemiological evidence supports the use of faecal indicator organisms (FIOs) to manage microbial health risks in recreational waters without point sources of sewage. The quality of papers meeting the inclusion criteria was appraised using the Office of Health Assessment and Translation (OHAT) Risk of Bias tool and low-bias studies were synthesised. Studies consistently reported elevated illness risks (particularly gastrointestinal) among...

NCBI     May 31, 2025